Literature Review on Performance Management - 9179 Words

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Over the last two decades, Performance Information, its implementation and presentation to the end users which directly refers to the subject of performance measurement (PM) has gained increasing interest and recognition in the general management literature, leading Neely (1999), when referring to the many contributions on the subject, to talk about the Performance Measurement Revolution. He demonstrated that between 1994 and 1996 a mere 3615 articles on performance measurement were published. During that period, there has been a sustained attention for PM within the financial industry. This section intends to make an expository on the PM literature by†¦show more content†¦In this employees would visualise as part of their function the requirement to continually assist in improving the performance of the organisation. They will also perceive that they can influence important aspects of overall performance (Robson, 2004).This was described by Horton and Farnham (1999) as a process of maximising the value added through the performance management such that the initial costs are exceeded by the subsequent benefits. To achieve this, individuals and teams take responsibility for the continuous improvement of the business developing their own skills and effectiveness (Armstrong, 2006). By harnessing and developing the potential of the individual the organisation will be best placed to achieve the strategic goals. In addition to this, the underlying principles of performance management have been described as one of collaboration in which the system deployed should be one which encourages development and one which allows team members to move on to strategic development within the organisation (Egan, 1995). The principles of performance management have been summarised as follows (Information Data Services 1997), 1. Translates corporate goals into individual team, department and divisional goals 2. It helps to clarify corporate goals 3. It is a continuous and evolutionary process in which performance improves over time 4. It relies on consensus and cooperation 5. ItShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review Performance Management and the Balanced Scorecard6479 Words   |  26 PagesChapter 2 Literature Review Since the Balanced Scorecard was developed in the 1990’s by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (1992), it has gained in popularity amongst academics and practitioners. In 1990, Kaplan and Norton led a research study of a lot of companies with the purpose of exploring the new methods of performance management. 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Computer in Business - 2096 Words

The advent of computers has revolutionized the workplace and redefined operational practices. The use and deployment of computers, computer systems and information technology (IT) applications in every aspect of business is now commonplace. The recent application and adoption of Web-based, information and telecommunication technologies has force-multiplied the capabilities and benefits of computers. The importance of computers in business cannot be overstated. Collaboration o Businesses are using Internet communication technologies, networking and relevant software to enable workers and professionals to collaborate and work across locations and geographical boundaries and streamline work-flow management. Communication Capabilities o†¦show more content†¦Manually prepared mass mailings are time consuming and expensive. - Inventory - A large number of items or high-volume turnover can cause major errors in tracking inventory. Errors in inventory control can result in lost sales and in the maintenance of unnecessarily high quantities of slow-moving products. - Payroll - Calculating and writing checks are tedious operations in payroll administration. It can also be difficult to effectively implement an employee incentive plan using manual procedures. - Planning - Manual systems or procedures make planning for the future time consuming and difficult. What if situationssuch as If sales increase, to what extent will expenses increase?are not easy to simulate with a manual system. COMPUTER BUSINESS APPLICATIONS Computers also can perform more complicated operations, such as the following: - Financial modeling programs prepare and analyze financial statements. - Spreadsheet and accounting programs compile statistics, plot trends and markets and do market analysis, modeling, graphs and forms. 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Movie Review Journey to Justice Free Essays

Movie Review: Journey to Justice â€Å"Journey to Justice† is a documentary about the issue of civil rights in Canada during the twentieth century. It focuses on the role of central people who took vital actions to end the issue of racial discrimination. The movie clearly portrays the experiences of black Canadians thorough interviews of key persons including Ray Lewis, Fred Christy, Stanley Grizzle, and Viola Desmond. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: Journey to Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the twentieth century, key players in the black community continued to fight for their rights despite serious discrimination. Firstly, Ray Lewis was denied the job as a coach after he won a bronze medal in 1932 Olympics because he was Black, and had to satisfy himself with the job of a porter. Secondly, Fred Christy, who was refused to be served in a bar, took the matter to Supreme Court. However, the court ruled the matter against him and rhetorically, made racial discrimination legal. Thirdly, Stanley Grizzle was forced be a batman and a washroom cleaner when he joined the army during the second world war, until he fought for his rights with his commanding officer. This time however, he won and served as one of the best officers in the Canadian army. Moreover, when Hugh Brunette came to Dresden with his two American friends, he was not served in a restaurant, while his friends were. After this incident he created an organization called National Unity Organization to fight discrimination. In 1947, he challenged the local government to pass an equality law, which was passed on to the provincial government for voting, where the restaurant owner-a white, won the case once again. This created a controversy and the premier and a group of other minorities took this case to a higher level until the equality law was passed in 1950s. Lastly, Donald Willard, an immigrant fought with the government for three decades along with Negro Citizenship association and the Labour congress of Canada to change the way in which they accept immigrants. He argued that using racial origin in accepting immigrants to Canada is unlawful and stated that they should be viewed according to their education, skills and work experience and won the case. This case played an important role in making it one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. The point that the movie is trying to make is that issues cannot be solved if they are simply accepted. If no one stands up to fight for it as it the issue will continue to become more tense leading to even more serious effects. As in the movie, the issue of racism continued to worsen until some key people stood up to fight against racial discrimination of the Blacks. Finally, in the end they got the desired results. Not only were they able to pass a law stating discrimination is illegal, but they were also able to change the way in which immigrants were accepted to Canada. The contribution of Blacks, particularly Donald Willard, changed the way in which Canada is viewed – â€Å"The land of opportunities. † The movie is related to world issues in many ways. Firstly, it provides useful information in understanding the foundation of the issue of discrimination. Racism is an issue that is making headlines these days. For example, the rising resettlement against immigrants in Quebec and the war on terrorism, which is taking hundreds of lives today had it basis in racism. Many individuals from Islamic countries are questioned heavily by officials at American Airports after the terrorist attacks. Secondly, it openly reveals the hidden truths of the Canadian government and its political system including the Supreme Court which itself promoted racism by favouring the whites regardless of the issue or the case. These days political corruption is a major issue in developing nation particularly in south Asia and many part of Africa. Thirdly, this movie portrays the issue of Canadian Civil Rights movement, which is a movement that only a few Canadian are aware of. This movement is directly related to human rights – a growing issue in Asian countries today. Low-caste children all over Asia, more particularly India are forced to do child labour, similar to how blacks were forced to work on the rail road a century ago. Blacks were not given any other jobs because of their race and these children are deprived from education and proper jobs because of their caste. It is amazing, to see these countries making the same mistake that Canada made a few decades ago. Lastly, this movie touches on the issue of stereotyping. Even though it is not a big issue, individuals throughout the world use stereotyping to judge others, often in a negative way. This creates larger gaps between races. Even though the movie shows us that the issue of racial discrimination has ended, it still exists. It is true that the magnitude and seriousness of racism has declined but many groups of people suffer from bullying because of their race and ethnicity. For example, many â€Å"Brown† and â€Å"Asian† people are regarded as immigrants and are the victims of bullying in both schools only because they cannot quickly assimilate into the western society. ( Weakness of argument How to cite Movie Review: Journey to Justice, Papers