Writing A Graduate School Essay Sample

<h1>Writing A Graduate School Essay Sample</h1><p>A Graduate School exposition test is a decent method to begin a subject for your master's level college paper. A model can assist you with beginning composition without having to totally retain each word. These models tell you the best way to sort out and structure the paper in a manner that is anything but difficult to understand.</p><p></p><p>When composing a master's level college article test, it is critical to recollect that despite the fact that the models give you what to compose, they don't really show you how to compose a decent exposition. For whatever length of time that you follow the organizing rules and structure of the models, you ought to have the option to make the greater part of the models resemble a characteristic augmentation of what you definitely know.</p><p></p><p>The Journal of Social Work Studies offers a model every year. Understudies can down load these examples and use them as a base for their own papers. On the off chance that you might want to utilize a model from an alternate diary, you can contact the proofreader or writer of the diary being referred to. They might be happy to let you utilize one of their guides to add some structure to your paper.</p><p></p><p>This year, the Journal of Social Work Studies, 'to praise the 40th commemoration of its initiation, welcomed college understudies to present the most unique Graduate School paper they could compose.' Students are approached to send in a 300-word theme for thought. Models from the Journal of Social Work Studies were utilized to show understudies what to compose about.</p><p></p><p>In this model, the theme is 'the changing substance of law,' thus your exploration will incorporate 'law, improvement of, and rehearses, in the United States and comprehensively, and (a) the changing essence of law and equity in this na tion and (b) the world past the law.' Each model uses this configuration: first, depict the association, (for example, 'the affiliation whose crucial to offer lawful types of assistance'), at that point portray the program, (for example, 'new positions were accessible'), at that point portray the administrations offered, (for example, 'our legitimate partners can respond to inquiries regarding dispossession procedures.'). The paper ought to be as brief as could be expected under the circumstances while as yet portraying the administrations you offer.</p><p></p><p>Example from the Journal of Social Work Journal gives you what to do for a situation that gives off an impression of being about social work in the article. There are two segments, a one-sentence presentation and a five-sentence outline. Understudies are approached to compose these sentences such that bodes well dependent on the unique situation and lead them to finish the remainder of the essay.< /p><p></p><p>The first segment depicts the beginning stage and closure purpose of the article. Understudies are gotten some information about the administration and disclose how it identifies with their lives. The subsequent segment incorporates a portrayal of the administration and how it identifies with the peruser's life. The last area should cover the last results of the service.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise utilize a model from a master's level college to accentuate the significance of the administration in the peruser's life. In numerous models, the administration was refered to and introduced as an immediate effect on the peruser's life, yet in others the administration was not alluded to. These are models you can use to accentuate the significance of the administration in the peruser's life and ensure the peruser comprehends your topic.</p>

High Score Toefl Essay Samples

<h1>High Score Toefl Essay Samples</h1><p>Getting passing marks and high scores are on the whole quite well yet when you need to go past that, at that point paper tests are likely your most solid option. Regardless of whether you're going to class for a higher degree or you need to keep your present degree of training, there are various angles that you ought to consider while picking an exposition composing course. You should locate the best one to take up so you can keep on intriguing your potential bosses or show signs of improvement work in the future.</p><p></p><p>The primary concern to mull over is the composing abilities of the individual you decide to take up the composing course being referred to. For instance, in the event that you're taking a course which is about English writing, at that point you shouldn't need to consider it. In any case, in case you're taking up a composing course which has a wide assortment of subjects on offer then you should pick astutely. Additionally, in the event that you're somebody who needs to get an English writing degree, at that point you will probably be required to get along admirably at this.</p><p></p><p>There are various proper article courses that you can take up and on the off chance that you need to go past that, at that point you should locate the correct one for you. It is significant that you pick the correct one with the goal that you get a decent generally speaking outcome. You ought to likewise have the option to take the exposition through a couple of times with the goal that you can see whether you're improving at it or not.</p><p></p><p>You should ensure that your picked article composing course is going to give you some genuine work to do instead of simply kick back and watch what you compose on a clear bit of paper. At the point when you take a composing course in which you should really take an interest in the real composition, you will have the option to perceive how well you're doing. This can disclose to you whether you will be a decent author or not.</p><p></p><p>Another viewpoint to see when looking fora composing course is that it is so natural to gain admittance to. On the off chance that you're concentrating abroad, at that point you will clearly need to discover a course which doesn't expect you to go a long way from home. Obviously you don't need to do this and it is conceivable to discover a composing course which is written in a manner which is reasonable for the individuals who are away from home.</p><p></p><p>Getting a decent score on a paper is clearly going to be a decent decision of your composing course. In any case, it's significant that you don't simply accept it as an insignificant decision. In the event that you need to exceed expectations around there, at that point you should locate the most ideal one to take up.</ p><p></p><p>As long as you look out for high score toefl exposition tests then you ought to have the option to improve your aptitudes and improve an evaluation all the while. It doesn't make a difference how old you are and whether or not you need to take up an English writing course or essentially need to find a new line of work which expects you to compose a report. You should have the option to apply your abilities and tell that you realize the best way to compose well.</p><p></p><p>The purpose behind this is on the grounds that businesses will be searching for paper tests to look at before they recruit you. Also, they need to perceive how great you are at really composing a paper. They would prefer not to peruse a lot of stuff which they don't comprehend or that doesn't hold their attention.</p>

Essay Writing Secrets - How to Write a Good College Essay

Paper Writing Secrets - How to Write a Good College EssayWhat is the most ideal approach to compose a school article? Numerous scholars wonder how to handle this great article question. It tends to be trying to compose a decent school paper in light of all the various components that make up the normal school article. Not exclusively will your article need to contain raw numbers, it will likewise need to respond to the inquiry, 'for what reason would it be advisable for me to think about this?'How do you answer the customary paper question? School paper composing challenges frequently request that the author utilize the article to respond to the inquiry, 'for what reason would it be advisable for me to think about this?' One of the most ideal approaches to discover how to address this inquiry is to peruse a ton of exposition models before you begin composing your own.When you start to peruse papers from different individuals, what do you see? A great deal of them wind up expressing t heir case with a similarity or a progression of related thoughts. Basically so as to compose a decent paper that stands out enough to be noticed, you should utilize this sort of composing technique. The case of the individual who has an issue with germs or whatever else that is negative should represent something positive.The next approach to move toward this sort of exposition is to consistently adhere to realities. Find fascinating realities that others probably won't consider to be significant. Rather than saying, 'I was discouraged on the grounds that I had an issue with germs,' start by utilizing some type of what has been known as an opposite brain science. By utilizing a negative to make a contention, you cause the crowd to accept that germs were to be faulted for your depression.The capacity to utilize science as an apparatus is another mystery to making a decent exposition. You may run over a reference to the way that one minuscule cell doesn't measure up to a synapse. You may believe that this implies this reference isn't significant and overlook it. Notwithstanding, this model is one of the most well known utilized in essays.It additionally shows that there is anything but a particular substance that can be placed into correlation with the brain. While it might appear glaringly evident, a few people don't comprehend the idea. In the article, you put forth a defense that individuals would prefer to associate with individuals who like to have a fabulous time than individuals who are worried and frightful. Record the advantages of having a decent disposition to add this statement.Try to utilize analogies and pictures to come to a meaningful conclusion. Use similitudes when you are talking about something unique, for example, morals or devotion. On the off chance that you have a picture that is identified with something such that assists with showing an idea, use it. For whatever length of time that you can clarify it such that bodes well, it tends to b e utilized in the essay.Be sure to take these insider facts and form them into your school exposition. The most ideal approach to make a decent paper is to utilize the data that the crowd needs to comprehend the article. This should be possible through the case of the individual who has an issue with germs or an antagonistic model that individuals can identify with.

List of Topics For an AP Essay For the Scarlet Letter

List of Topics For an AP Essay For the Scarlet LetterThis is a list of topics for an AP Essay for the Scarlet Letter, or another school essay. I haven't written an AP essay in a while, so I thought I'd give it a shot. As far as I know, the essay itself can be used for college credit and more. If you know of any good resources on this, please let me know!- A short paragraph describing yourself as a student in college. I'd say this is a good idea because we want to use this for credits at our school. However, I also do not think that students should spend too much time describing themselves.- Present your writing skills, if you're the type who can write them. Describe your style and methods. In your section it should say something like 'As the director of the English department, I would recommend this person as an example of the writer's ability to express themselves clearly and concisely.'- Again, describe yourself as a student in a variety of different subjects. My favorite subjects are Spanish, Biology, and History. Just go with the subject that seems most applicable to you. I'll usually end my essay with a research paper but just to throw in something to make it easier to read.- If you know some information on any topic, put that in your paragraph. For example, if you've taken Spanish in college, put that in there. It doesn't have to be anything too complicated, just something you remember from your class.- Also, a scholastic honors letter is probably going to be pretty long. You might as well start with the basics and then if it's a good fit to go all the way to the end.- Do not forget that you should include the specific spelling of the name of the language you learned, especially if you aren't comfortable speaking it. You need to be able to explain this at some point.The first few points on the list of topics for an AP Essay for the Scarlet Letter are about the way the college, or the school, wants to present you in an academic context. However, by the tim e you get to the end, you're going to have to be able to write an essay that is an original piece of work that demonstrates your ability to express yourself clearly and concisely.

How a Military Background Can Help You in Your JMO Papers

<h1>How a Military Background Can Help You in Your JMO Papers</h1><p>As the maritime war school has earned its notoriety for being one of the all the more testing designing projects in the nation, understudies are getting an opportunity to see the genuine capability of every one of their colleagues. The way that each building understudy exceeds expectations, the way that they show signs of improvement, the way that they proceed to make effective vocations all relies upon how they got there.</p><p></p><p>Many who have entered the Naval War College and the military profession they plan to accomplish find that JMOs are what reveal who the real men are. In the event that you've chosen to go into the designing field, you've likely discovered that having a JMO is vital to picking up the most noteworthy distinctions conceivable in the building division. In any case, there are some of you who imagine that you will have the option to get the most note worthy distinctions without the help of a JMO.</p><p></p><p>While it's critical to have a designing foundation, this doesn't imply that your experience is finished without probably some of it being engaged with the military foundation. Regardless of whether you're not keen on joining the military, joining the military will help you enormously with regards to your JMO papers. At the point when you have a full military foundation, it is a lot simpler for you to demonstrate to the Naval War College that you were a piece of the military. It's similarly as imperative to do this for different subjects that you might need to take on the off chance that you need to acquire high honors.</p><p></p><p>Even in case you're not keen on going into the military, you can at present assistance yourself with regards to your JMO by increasing a building foundation. In spite of the fact that your present examinations will assume a significant job in your f uture objectives, remember that the military is probably the most ideal approaches to assist you with your JMO papers. By getting a designing foundation that is about the military, you will help yourself in various diverse ways.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous educators who are specific about who gets JMOpapers. These teachers will need to know whether you have military involvement with expansion to your college degree. This is to guarantee that the two foundations coordinate well and will make it simpler for you to pass your JMO papers.</p><p></p><p>Military foundations will likewise permit you to demonstrate to teachers that you've experienced the procedure that is required to get qualified for JMO papers. Recollect that so as to get into the program, you should demonstrate that you are a piece of the military. This implies you should show that you've experienced a foundation that works with the military. Experiencing a school that i s a piece of the military will permit you to demonstrate to the educators that you've really been in the military.</p><p></p><p>When you are looking for the JMO papers, understand that it is essential to demonstrate your military foundation. You have to exhibit that you comprehend the significance of this and can completely take part in the program. The classes will be extreme and you should utilize the abilities that you've been instructed so as to demonstrate that you have a place in the program.</p><p></p><p>You can decide to go for a designing JMO or a military JMO, contingent upon what you wish to do. You ought to consistently consider JMO papers before trying out any building school, since the classes are thorough and you should demonstrate your value before they start. The military JMO will help you a lot in accomplishing the most noteworthy distinctions conceivable in the military program.</p>

How to Find Good Extended Essay Samples

<h1>How to Find Good Extended Essay Samples</h1><p>When you are composing a paper for school, numerous understudies appear to make some troublesome memories discovering great broadened exposition tests. The exposition itself is the most significant piece of your group, and in case you're not introducing yourself well, it will resemble an inadequately composed paper. In this way, it is significant that you get this privilege and that you practice before heading into a genuine test. What's more, there are numerous ways you can approach doing this.</p><p></p><p>Free composing exercises. Numerous individuals are stressed over not having enough cash to recruit a coach to assist them with their papers. There are many free online courses that show you how to compose well and structure your article such that bodes well. This will give you an establishment, and when you have aced it, at that point you can go to a guide to figure out how to compose bet ter and all the more expertly. Search for online courses with great tributes and titles that read 'educator helps understudies write.'</p><p></p><p>Classes. While it's regularly not practical to pay an educator to help with your assignments, you may in any case need to invest some energy with other people who are figuring out how to compose. In the event that you happen to be in an English class, there is no better spot to figure out how to compose well than an instructor who enjoys telling others the best way to compose well. What's more, despite the fact that the instructor may not pay for this, the person is bound to urge you to compose well and go past your normal cutoff points to ensure you have an all around organized essay.</p><p></p><p>Extended Essay Samples. You could attempt to work with a teacher to assist you with your papers, however the individual probably won't be exceptionally useful, in light of the fact that your educ ator will most likely request a ton of time to check your work and check whether you truly comprehend what is happening. The teacher will likewise be hard to reach, since you are required to be in class. With this stated, numerous understudies discover this technique significantly more helpful than working with an instructor.</p><p></p><p>Look for your own guides. Numerous individuals need to work with a teacher, yet don't believe that they have the opportunity to do as such. Coaches are additionally generally occupied, which makes them less inclined to check out your work. It can likewise be difficult to track down somebody who will go to your home. This is the place you could utilize your friends.</p><p></p><p>Talk to your relatives and request that they show you how to compose a decent article. In the event that you have kin who are youthful, you could request that your folks help you. This would be particularly useful for your more youthful kin, since the individual in question could profit the most from the advice.</p><p></p><p>Writing a note. At the point when you go out to the shopping center and buy a paper test book, ensure that you invest energy rehearsing on the example exposition you purchased. Practice until you're sure beyond a shadow of a doubt that you know the response to the inquiry, and this will give you more trust in your own capacity to write.</p><p></p><p>When you are searching for broadened article tests, there are a few strategies that you can utilize. These strategies must be joined with normal work so as to make an exposition that is both all around organized and well-written.</p>

How to Save Money On College Papers and Books

<h1>How to Save Money On College Papers and Books</h1><p>The costs on school papers, books and course books have experienced gigantic changes over the most recent couple of years. Nowadays, numerous universities offer limits to understudies in the event that they register for their courses and go to classes even without going to class, nearby. Understudies, who can stand to save money, are currently getting a charge out of these offers.</p><p></p><p>There is no restriction to the quantity of manners by which the costs on books and papers can be cut. Schools and colleges have concocted various designs for understudies to appreciate. Limits are not simply on school papers and books.</p><p></p><p>New models of leasing furnish understudies with a way to get a good deal on college expenses and books. A few colleges offer understudies their decision of various courses. Understudies can browse electives or majors. This strate gy for leasing and not enlisting could have a lot of effect on the expenses of school fees.</p><p></p><p>There are various organizations, which give understudies administrations on the web and disconnected. Understudies can pay less on each course they choose and even lessen the expense of leasing books and papers. Online apparatuses have a huge database, which permits school educators to think about the expenses of all understudies took on the equivalent class.</p><p></p><p>This stage could wipe out a ton of the cerebral pain of computing costs and rentals. There are currently some online courses to which understudies can choose. In the event that an understudy chooses to take on a specific course, the person can essentially sign in to the site and select the course.</p><p></p><p>Students, who wish to finish a college course before the finish of the semester can appreciate more prominent reserve funds on colleg e course. There are various foundations, which give on the web or disconnected choices to read for courses. There are various acceptable assets accessible for understudies to search for these options.</p><p></p><p>There are online apparatuses, which empower understudies to analyze costs on the web or disconnected courses. That understudies should simply sign on to these destinations and present their preferences.</p><p></p><p>College understudies have more options than any time in recent memory. A portion of these alternatives could be more costly than others. All things considered, there are alternatives to decrease costs and appreciate a superior school experience.</p>

Domestic Violence Essay Topics - Overview

<h1>Domestic Violence Essay Topics - Overview </h1> <p>Serious medical issues have been connected with aggressive behavior at home. Another reason that is generally turning into an issue is the digital maltreatment. There were further issues. Delicate social and mental issues need cautious and master dealing with, so we've enlisted talented analysts and social specialists to guide our essayists. </p> <h2> Domestic Violence Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>How to look for Topics In the cutting edge age, the internet has the entirety of the information you need on pretty much any subject. You may find thoughts and other supportive data about family brutality of destinations and discussions everywhere throughout the web. Luckily, it is conceivable to discover numerous themes and charming tips online by visiting one of the best scholarly composing destinations. </p> <p>The solid women attempt to keep their open picture so much they in the long run disregard the real selves and fall into wretchedness. This kind of sex brutality is performed for the most part in young ladies and is typically completed by a customary circumciser who's utilizing an edge to wipe out the female genitalia. The viciousness requires the accomplice being exposed to badgering however most fundamentally, it involves utilizing power on the example with the end goal of the curse torment. In most of occurrences aggressive behavior at home in the family structure additionally includes an impact on the nearness of youngster misuse. </p> <h2>Life, Death and Domestic Violence Essay Topics </h2> <p>Your point of view should go past perception. This doesn't imply that the coldblooded supposition doesn't exist. Research theory The huge goal of the examination is to make sense of the base of firearm viciousness in American schools and furthermore decide the point to which more tightly weapon control measures can as sist with dealing with the issue. There are different speculations on exactly what the foundation of family savagery is and dependent on which point of view is taken will figure out what measures are important to be done so as to address the issue. </p> <h2> Domestic Violence Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? </h2> <p>The basic truth they are casualties of household misuse difficulties the face they put at work. There are the individuals who don't need to deal with the maltreatment and continue doing so in any case. Each third lady on the planet turns into a setback of savagery. Seeing savagery makes most men pledge they won't subject their accomplices to precisely the same trial which their moms needed to experience. </p> <h2>The Fight Against Domestic Violence Essay Topics </h2> <p>You're ready to examine how aggressive behavior at home influences their psychological prosperity, characterize the capacity of social administrations, and fi nd out more information about brutality against more established ladies. It Is On Us is among the battles started by the office to ensure that the ladies are shielded against various rape. Ladies are too humiliated to even consider finding help from the specialists or unmistakable care groups, particularly when they've encountered viciousness submitted by a private accomplice. They will in general bear the weight of keeping their family flawless. </p> <p>Women battle for their own privileges, yet in addition for various ladies that can't do it, endeavoring to avoid aggressive behavior at home conditions. They have various inspirations, including self-protection, and utilize various types of viciousness, contrasted with men. It might be conceivable when all the ladies and men will understand the need of ladies strengthening. </p> <p>Understanding of the explanation behind aggressive behavior at home guides in the advancement of intercessions with a possibility of improving the situation. The view of the overall population on aggressive behavior at home varies from networks dependent on the practices and culture of the network. The people group are anticipated to help the arrangement since it's created for the shared bit of leeway of the entirety of the individuals. The acknowledgment that aggressive behavior at home doesn't work in one direct just is significant for the administration and different policymakers to focus on the development of the comprehensive approaches. </p> <h2> The New Angle On Domestic Violence Essay Topics Just Released</h2> <p>It's constantly critical to get someone else give their interpretation of the evaluation of your exposition. It's just through this that you'll have the option to obtain a more clear perspective on the current task, and create a not too bad factious article theme on aggressive behavior at home. You may likewise be keen on the following paper clarified list of sources o n the impact of sexual orientation viciousness on ladies and children. </p> <h2>Life After Domestic Violence Essay Topics </h2> <p>Domestic brutality is one of the critical social challenges that shouldn't be overlooked. It has no spot in the cutting edge society and ought to be emphatically managed. It is most normally alluded to as Spousal Abuse. It is generally connected with abuse of ladies. </p> <h2> Top Choices of Domestic Violence Essay Topics </h2> <p>The examples of viciousness against ladies is rising step by step and getting excessively wide. Aggressive behavior at home stays a considerable social issue in numerous nations all through the world. It is a difficult issue that influences an enormous level of each general public, regardless of how affluent the country. Regardless of whether a large portion of the occasions it is identified with ladies, it can transpire. </p> <h2> What Domestic Violence Essay Topics I s - and What it Is Not</h2> <p>For model, the exact insights concerning aggressive behavior at home are extremely difficult to get thus it will get hard to see how much the Act is functioning. An interval request could be in all actuality, and following an enquiry, a last request may be conceded against a respondent. Moreover, abstain from creating your announcement wide. You need to consider a proposition articulation that is an agreement between your peruser and yourself. </p>

What You Should Include in Your Term Paper Writing

What You Should Include in Your Term Paper WritingOne of the most effective ways to improve your term paper writing is to get a systematic approach and planning. This will help you with content, key words, and wording.Keywords are words or phrases that are used in your term paper. Key words should be included in the writing in a way that they communicate your thesis in a clear and concise manner. Keywords should also relate to the topic you are covering in your term paper.You need to have basic knowledge about the different kinds of media used for reading a term paper. Do a search on Google.com and type in your term paper subject in the search bar. You will find a lot of articles on various topics related to the topic of your term paper. These articles will give you more information about different types of media available to read the term paper.Research paper writing requires you to take a survey of your subject. This gives you the insight as to how the topic is being tackled by the college or university.Do not keep reading the research paper until the end; put up a barrier to avoid making any mistakes. If you make any mistakes, you might lose credibility in your subject.Pay close attention to the back-up section of the paper. Do not just look at the front cover. This is one of the best tools that you have. It can help you to correct any mistakes or changes in your term paper without wasting much time.It is very important to read all the papers before you start writing. This will give you the best idea on what you are doing and what not to do. This will help you improve your term paper writing for that matter.

Loris Malaguzzi was Born in Corregio, Italy in 1920. He...

Loris Malaguzzi was Born in Corregio, Italy in 1920. He lived in a city called Reggioi Emmilia in Italy, which is recognized worldwide for its approach to education. After years past he then developed preschool and primary education in Italy after World War2. In 1976, the parents and the community confirmed their support for the guiding principles of the Reggio Approach to early childhood education. After his unexpected death, the community of Reggio Emilia carried on, implemented his dreams, and fulfilled the Reggio mission, which enhanced the potential of all children. Soon A foundation was named â€Å"The Reggio mission† and was established as the â€Å"International Centre for the Defense and Promotion of the Rights and Potential of all†¦show more content†¦In the late 1960’s the schools were transferred to the city government for financing and operations. During the 1980’s Lori’s method was known by many educators and especially thanks to th e first exhibit that was opened in Sweden at the Modern Museet in Stockholm. In 2003 the municipality of Reggio Emilia chose to manage the network and the system of school services and toddler centers by forming an association. By forming an association, the municipal schools and preschools could have their own independent programs and activities, they were still supported by the public sector of the government though. February 2006, the â€Å"Loris Malaguzzi International Centre† had opened, which was very successful and very important to the people that helped open the â€Å"Loris Malaguzzi International Centre.† I believe that Malaguzzi has a different and unique way to think because of the fact that he thought that children were powerful and full of desire and ability to construct their own knowledge. I also think that way because if we weren’t powerful and able to construct our own knowledge then how would we have progressed through life and be where we are now. For example Malaguzzi must have been real powerful in order for him to have had that knowledge and ability to open a new international Centre and schools throughout the world! He also thought that family and friends areShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Blood By Suzan Lori Parks1600 Words   |  7 Pagesstories (confessions). Each of character has had an involvement with Hester s struggling predicament and yet eac h character only ruminates at helping themselves instead of the woman that’s helped them all. The modern-day play In the Blood by Suzan-Lori Parks exposes the hypocrisy and prejudice of the privileged members of society toward the less privileged. The play shows that the richest and most respected people in society are not always worthy of the status they are accorded. 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Pros and Cons of the Exclusionary Rule free essay sample

A 1978 study by the General Accounting Office found that, of 2,804 cases in which defendants were likely to file a motion to suppress evidence, exclusion succeeded in only 1. 3 percent. Moreover, the same study reported that, of the cases presented to federal prosecutors for prosecution, only 0. 4 percent were declined by the prosecutors because of Fourth Amendment search and seizure problems. 5 In 1983, another study found that â€Å"only between 0. 6 and 2. 35 percent of all felony arrests are ‘lost’ at any stage in the arrest disposition process (including trials and appeals) because of the operation of the exclusionary rule. 4. It has led to more professionalism among the police and increased attention to training programs. Fear that evidence will be excluded has forced the police to develop greater expertise in their work. 5. It preserves the integrity of the judicial system, because the admission of illegally seized evidence would make the court a party to violati ons of constitutional rights. 6. It prevents the government, whose agents have violated the Constitution, from profiting from its wrongdoing. Somebody has to pay for the mistake—better it be the government than the suspect who has already been wronged. 7. It protects the constitutional right to privacy. ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE Opponents, including justices of the Supreme Court, have argued strongly in opposition to the exclusionary rule. Among their arguments are the following: 1. In the words of Justice Benjamin Cardozo, â€Å"The criminal goes free because the constable has blundered. † It is wrong to make society pay for an officer’s mistake—punish the officer, not society. 2. It excludes the most credible, probative kinds of evidence—fingerprints, guns, narcotics, dead bodies—and thereby impedes the truth-finding function of the courts. 3. It discourages internal disciplinary efforts by law enforcement agencies. If police are disciplined when the evidence will be excluded anyway, they suffer a double setback. 4. It encourages police to perjure themselves in an effort to get the evidence admitted. Particularly in major cases, the police might feel that the end justifies the means: It is better to lie than to let a presumably guilty person go free. . It diminishes respect for the judicial process and generates disrespect for the law and the administration of justice. 6. There is no proof that the exclusionary rule deters police misconduct. In the words of Chief Justice Warren Burger, â€Å"There is no empirical evidence to support the claim that the rule actually deters illegal conduct of law enforcement officials. † 7. Only the United States uses the exclusionary rule; other countries do not. 8. It has no effect on those large areas of police activity that do not result in criminal prosecutions. If the police make an arrest or search without any thought of subsequent prosecution (such as when they simply want to remove a person from the streets overnight or when they confiscate contraband so as to eliminate the supply), they do not have to worry about the exclusionary rule, because it takes effect only if the case goes to trial and the evidence is used. 9. The rule is not based on the Constitution; it is only an invention of the Court. 10. It does not punish the individual police officer whose illegal conduct led to the exclusion of the evidence. ALTERNATIVES TO THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE The continuing debate about the exclusionary rule has produced several proposals to admit the evidence obtained and then to deal with the wrongdoing of the police. Among the proposals are the following: _ An independent review board in the executive branch. This proposal envisions a review board composed of nonpolice personnel to review allegations of violations of constitutional rights by the police. The problem with this alternative is that police oppose it because it singles them out among public officials for differential treatment. Moreover, outsiders are viewed by the police as unlikely to be able to understand the difficulties and dangers inherent in police work. _ A civil tort action against the government. This would mean filing an action seeking damages from the government for acts of its officers. It poses real difficulty for the plaintiff, who would have to shoulder the financial cost of the litigation. Most defendants do not have the resources to finance a civil case, particularly after a criminal trial. Low damages awards against police officers usually discourage the filing of civil tort actions except in egregious cases. A hearing separate from the main criminal trial but before the same judge or jury. The purpose of the hearing is to determine if, in fact, the officer behaved illegally in obtaining the evidence used during the trial and, if so, to impose the necessary sanctions on the officer. Although this is the least expensive and most expedient alternative, its effectiveness is questionable. If the violation is slight, the judge or jury will not look with favor on what may be considered an unnecessary extension of the original trial. Furthermore, if the criminal trial ends in a conviction, the chances of the officer being punished for what he or she did become remote. _ Adoption of an expanded good faith exception. The final report of the Attorney General’s Task Force on Violent Crime in the late 1980s proposed a good faith exception different from and broader than that allowed by the Court in the Sheppard and Leon cases. The proposed good faith exception covers all cases in which the police would claim and can prove that they acted in good faith (not just when the magistrate issues an invalid warrant). It is based on two conditions: (1) The officer must allege that he or she had probable cause for the action in question, and (2) the officer’s apparent belief that he or she was acting legally must be a reasonable one. These are questions of fact that will be determined by the judge or jury. Opponents fear that this proposal would lead to more violations of rights using good faith as a convenient excuse. Good faith is a vague concept that is best determined on a case-by-case basis; it may therefore vary from one judge or jury to another. It is also maintained that this exception discourages training and rewards lack of knowledge. The theory is that the more untrained and uninformed the police officer, the greater the claim to good faith his or her ignorance would permit. ) _ Adoption of the British system. Under the British system, the illegally obtained evidence is admitted in court, but the erring officer is subject to internal departmental sanctions. The objection is that t his system is not effective even in England, where the police system is highly centralized and generally has attained a higher level of professionalization. Internal discipline by peers has been and is a problem in U. S. olicing; the public will most likely view this as an ineffective means of control. OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF OFFICER MISCONDUCT The exclusionary rule is but one of the consequences of an officer’s illegal act. Its effect on the criminal case against the defendant may be significant (admission of the evidence can lead to conviction; exclusion can lead to an acquittal), but it will likely not have a direct or immediate effect on the officer. The prosecution will consider its effort wasted, public money may have been ill-spent and justice subverted, but the officer will not suffer personal consequences except in high-profile cases. There are more direct consequences, however, to the officer for the same act, such as: (1) criminal prosecution under state or federal law (discussed in Chapter 12); (2) a civil liability case seeking damages against the officer (also discussed in Chapter 12); and (3) internal disciplinary procedures. These consequences are not mutually exclusive; they can all take place as a result of an officer’s single act. Example: Officer W maliciously arrests a suspect without warrant or probable cause and then searches her apartment, where Officer W finds drugs. The evidence obtained is not admissible in court because of the exclusionary rule. Officer W may also be criminally prosecuted for false or illegal arrest under the state’s penal code. In addition, the suspect may file a civil liability case for tort or violation of federal rights against the officer in state or federal courts. If held liable, Officer W can be made to pay damages and attorneys’ fees. Officer W may also be disciplined by the department and can be fired from her job, depending upon departmental policy. References Oaks, Dallin H. Studying the exclusionary rule in search and seizure. The University of Chicago Law Review 37.4 (1970): 665-757. Cohen, Jonathan R. Legislating apology: The pros and cons. U. Cin. l. rev. 70 (2001): 819. Verheij, Bart, Jaap C. Hage, and H. Jaap Van Den Herik. An integrated view on rules and principles. Artificial Intelligence and Law 6.1 (1998): 3-26. Mertens, William J., and Silas Wasserstrom. The Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule: Deregulating the Police and Derailing the Law. Geo. LJ 70 (1981): 365. Inbau, Fred E. Public safety v. individual civil liberties: the prosecutors stand. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 53.1 (1962): 85-89. Sunderland, Lane V. Liberals, conservatives, and the exclusionary rule. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 71.4 (1980): 343-377. Surette, Ray. The thinking eye: Pros and cons of second generation CCTV surveillance systems. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management 28.1 (2005): 152-173.